Precise formula for calculating spot size in optical waveguides and its accuracy

Optical Diagnostics on ETA-II for X-Rays Spot Size

Gated and streak cameras have been used to look at a high current focused electron beam on a target, and the x-rays produced by that interaction. An optical camera images the optical transition radiation (OTR) from the beam hitting a carbon target to give focused beam profiles. Blackbody radiation from heavy metal targets is experimentally proven to be dominant. The roll bar technique is used a...

passivity in waiting for godot and endgame: a psychoanalytic reading

this study intends to investigate samuel beckett’s waiting for godot and endgame under the lacanian psychoanalysis. it begins by explaining the most important concepts of lacanian psychoanalysis. the beckettian characters are studied regarding their state of unconscious, and not the state of consciousness as is common in most beckett studies. according to lacan, language plays the sole role in ...

Optimized Digital Optical Switch Using Proton Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguides

The main emphasis in developing DOS has been on achieving low crosstalk (CT). CT in the order of -30 dB is acceptable in conventional DOS and below that value is hard to achieve. Relatively low drive voltage (or power requirements) is also necessary to optimized DOS. This paper depicts the design of Y-branched digital optical switches (DOS) with optimized on-chip area coverage, reduced driving ...

Perfluorinated polymers for optical waveguides

A long with optical telecommunications systems (see box) (1-3), "integrated optics" (4) and "optical interconnect" (5) technologies are becoming more advanced. The major components of these technologies are photonic integrated circuits (PICs), optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs), and optoelectronic multichip modules (OE-MCMs). All the functional devices within these components, including...

Calculating Damages for Pain and Suffering: The Mathematical Formula Device